Isi yose - Asidi Adipike ya mbere: Igikoresho nyamukuru co kwubaka amapolymere n'imiti ikora neza cane

Ibiranga umubiri n'imiti

Uko bisa n'uko bimeze: Adipic Acid mu bisanzwe igaragara nk’ifu yera, imeze nk’amabuye canke utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto tutagira ibara. Ifise umubiri uryoshe kandi nta n’akamoto igira iyo iri mu bihe bisanzwe, ivyo bikaba bituma ikoreshwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye aho bisabwa ko umuntu agira ubushobozi bwo gutahura ataco akora.
Ugusenyuka: Igaragaza ubushobozi bwo gusenyuka buringaniye mu mazi, ishobora gusenyuka hafi 1,44 g mu mazi 100 mL ku bushuhe bwa 25°C. Ariko rero, irashobora gusenyuka cane mu binyabuzima nk’ethanol, acetone na benzène. Iyi nyifato y’ugusenyuka ituma igira uruhara rwiza mu bikorwa vyinshi vy’imiti n’imiterere.

Ibintu nyamukuru bihoraho: Asidi Adipike ifise uburemere bwa 146,14 g/mol. Uburemere bwayo buri hafi 1,36 g/cm3 ku 25°C, bukaba ari uburemere burengeye gatoyi amazi. Igitutu c’ugushonga kw’aside adipique ni 152°C, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko iva mu gikomeye ikaja mu mazi iyo ubushuhe buri hejuru. Igishushanyo c’ubushuhe gishika ku bushuhe bwa 337,5°C, naho nyene gishobora gutangura kubora imbere y’uko gishika kuri ubwo bushuhe mu gihe c’umuvuduko w’ikirere. Igitutu caco c’umuriro ni 207°C, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko bisaba ubushuhe bwinshi cane be n’aho umuriro ushobora gutera kugira ngo ushobore gusha.

Inyishu y'imiti: Nk’aside ya dicarboxylique, aside adipique irimwo imigwi ibiri y’ibikorwa vy’aside ya carboxyle (-COOH), ivyo bikaba biyiha ubushobozi bwo gukorana n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri. Iragira uruhara bitagoranye mu bikorwa vyo guhindura inzoga zibe estere, igatuma habaho estere zikoreshwa cane mu guhingura amapulasitike, amavuta yo gutera amavuta be n’imibavu. Ikindi, ishobora gukorana n'ama diamines biciye mu gukorana n'ama polyamides, cane cane nylon 6,6. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri ni ibuye ry’imfuruka ry’inganda zikora amapulasitike y’ivyuma n’ivy’ubuhinga. Asidi ya adipike ishobora kandi gukorana n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri kugira ngo ikore inzoga zihuye kandi ishobora gukorana n’ibindi bihimba kugira ngo ikore umunyu, uzwi nka adipates.

Uturere two gukoresha

Poliyamide (Nylon) Uguhingura: Ikoreshwa rinini kandi rihambaye ry'aside adipique riri mu guhingura ama polyamides, cane cane nylon 6,6. Muri iyo nzira, aside adipique irakorana na hexaméthylènediamine mu nzira y’ugukorana n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri. Ico gikoresho citwa nylon 6,6 ni igikoresho gikora neza cane, kizwi cane kubera ubukomezi bwaco, ukuntu gikomeye, ukudashobora gusenyuka, be n’ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo gukora. Nylon 6,6 ikoreshwa cane mu bikorwa vy’imiduga ku bihimba nk’ibihimba vya moteri, amageregere, n’ibikoresho bifata imodoka. Ni igikoresho nyamukuru kandi mu bijanye n’impuzu, aho gikoreshwa mu guhingura impuzu z’agaciro kanini, amatapi, n’ibikoresho vyo mu nzu kubera inkomezi zaco, ukwihangana kwayo, n’ubushobozi bwayo bwo gufata neza amarangi.

Ivyo gutera amavuta n’ivyo gutera amavuta: Asidi ya adipique ikoreshwa mu guhingura ibintu bitera amapulasitike bishingiye ku adipate. Ivyo bikoresho bitera amapulasitike vyongerwa ku bikoresho vy’ivyuma, canecane ivyuma vyitwa polyvinyl chloride (PVC), kugira ngo bishobore guhinduka, gukoreshwa neza no gukomera. Adipate plasticizers ni vyo bikundwa mu bikorwa aho ubushuhe buke bisabwa, nk’uguhingura ivyuma bikingira amawaya y’imodoka, amatiyo y’ubuvuzi, n’ibikoresho vya PVC bishobora guhangana n’ubukonje. Ikindi kandi, ama estere akomoka kuri aside adipique akoreshwa nk’amavuta yo gutera amavuta mu bikorwa bitandukanye vy’inganda, agatanga ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo kurwanya gusambuka no kurwanya ugusenyuka, kandi arabereye gukoreshwa mu ma moteri, mu ma gere no mu bindi bikoresho vy’ubuhinga.

Inganda z’Ivyokurya n’Ibinyobwa (Ikoreshwa ritaziguye): Naho aside adipique idakoreshwa ataco ihinduye mu vyo kurya, ikoreshwa mu guhingura ibikoresho vyo gukorana n’ivyo kurya n’ibikoresho vyo gutunganya ivyo kurya. Esters zayo, iyo zikoreshejwe mu gupfuka no gukingira ibifungurwa - ibikoresho vyo gupfunyika, zifasha kumenya neza ubutungane n’umutekano w’ibifungurwa mu gukingira kwanduzwa no kubungabunga ubushasha bw’ibifungurwa. Ikindi, adipic acid - based polymers zishobora gukoreshwa mu guhingura ibihimba vy’ibikoresho bikorana n’ibifungurwa mu gihe co kubitunganya, nk’imikanda itwara ibintu n’ibikingira.

Inganda zikora imiti n’ivyo kwisiga: Mu bijanye n’imiti, aside adipique irashobora gukoreshwa nk’infashanyo mu guhingura imiti. Ishobora gukora nk’ikintu co gukingira pH y’ibisubizo vy’imiti n’ibisubizo vy’imiti, bigatuma imiti igumaho kandi igakora neza. Mu bijanye n’ivyo kwisiga, aside adipic esters zikoreshwa mu bintu bitandukanye, nk’amavuta yo kwisiga, amavuta yo kwisiga be n’amavuta yo kwisiga ku minwa, kugira ngo urukoba rube rworoshe, rube rworoshe gukwiragira, kandi rube rworoshe, bigatuma urukoba rworoshe kandi ruryoshe.

Uburyo bwo kwitegura

Uguhinduka kw'icyclohexane: Ubu ni bwo buryo buhambaye cane mu nganda bwo guhingura aside adipique. Ivyo bitangura n’uguhindura cyclohexane iyo hari ikintu gitera umuriro, cane cane ikintu gitera umuriro gishingiye kuri cobalt. Mu ntambwe ya mbere - y'uguhinduka kw'umubiri, cyclohexane ikorana n'umuyaga canke umwuka w'ikirere kugira ngo ikore uruvange rwa cyclohexanol na cyclohexanone, igikorwa kizwi kw'izina rya "amavuta ya KA" (ketone - amavuta y'inzoga). Ivyo bikorwa bibera ku bushuhe buri hagati ya 150 - 160°C n’umuvuduko uri hagati ya 1 - 1,5 MPa. Hanyuma, amavuta ya KA arasubira guhinduka umwuka mu nzira ya kabiri hakoreshejwe aside nitrique nk’ikintu gitera umwuka, akenshi ku bushuhe bwa 60 - 80°C n’umuvuduko w’ikirere. Ivyo bihindura cyclohexanol na cyclohexanone bikagira aside adipique. Ariko rero, ubwo buryo burafise ingorane zimwezimwe ku bidukikije, kuko gukoresha aside nitrique bituma habaho umwuka witwa nitrous oxide (N2O), ukaba ari umwuka ukomeye utera ibidukikije, kandi bisaba ko umuntu akoresha neza imigezi y’imyanda.

Uburyo bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bushasha: Mu myaka ya vuba, hariho ugushimishwa gukomeye mu buryo bw’ubuhinga bwa none bwo guhingura aside adipique nk’ubundi buryo buramba. Ibinyabuzima bitobito, nk’imigera canke umusemburo vyahinduwe mu buryo bw’ivy’ivyaduka, birashobora gukoreshwa mu guhindura ibifungurwa bishobora gusubirwamwo, nk’isukari canke amavuta akomoka ku bimera, bikagira aside adipique biciye mu nzira zitandukanye z’uguhindura ibiribwa. Nk’akarorero, imigera imwimwe irashobora guhindurwa kugira ngo ikore ibintu bishobora guhinduka aside adipique. Naho ubu buryo bw’ubuhinga bwa none bukiri mu nzira y’iterambere kandi bufise ingorane zijanye n’umwimbu n’igiciro, buratanga ubushobozi bwo gukora aside adipique idahungabanya ibidukikije kandi iramba muri kazoza.

Ukwirinda

Ivyago vy'ubuzima: Adipic acid ishobora gutuma urukoba n’amaso bishavura iyo umuntu ayikozeko ataco akora. Gumara igihe kirekire canke gusubiramwo urukoba bishobora gutuma umuntu arwara indwara y’urukoba, kandi iyo bikoze ku maso, bishobora gutuma urukoba rutukura, rubabazwa, kandi rushobora kwonona urukoba rw’amaso. Guhumeka utugingo ngengabuzima tw’inkungugu tw’aside adipique birashobora gutera umubabaro mu nzira y’uguhema, bigatuma umuntu akorora, akabura impwemu, akabura impwemu. Gufata aside adipique nyinshi birashobora gutuma umuntu agira ububabare mu nda, harimwo no gusesa amaraso, gukorora no guciramwo. Abakozi bakorana n’aside adipique bakwiye kwambara ibikoresho bikwiye vyo kwikingira, nk’amaganzu, amataratara yo kwikingira, n’ibipfukisho vyo guhema, canecane aho bishoboka ko inkungugu ishobora gutera.

Ivyago vy'umuriro n'uguturika: Naho aside adipique ifise ubushobozi bwo kwaka cane, irashobora kwaka. Mu buryo bw’ifu, irashobora gukora ibivange biturika n’ikirere iyo ishizwe mu bipimo bihagije. Aho umuntu abika ibintu hakwiye kuguma kure y’aho umuriro ushobora gutera, kandi ni ngombwa ko haba umwuka mwiza kugira ngo inkungugu ntiyirundanire. Iyo hari umuriro urimwo aside adipique, hakwiye kukoreshwa ibintu bikwiye vyo kuzimya umuriro, nk’ifu y’imiti yumye canke umwuka w’ikirere.

Ingaruka ku bidukikije: Adipic acid iragumaho mu buryo buringaniye mu bidukikije. Iyo irekuwe mu mazi, irashobora kwononekara n’imigera mu gihe c’igihe, ariko iyo iri hejuru cane irashobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima bwo mu mazi. Bishobora kandi kugira ico bikoze ku pH y’amazi kubera ko ari aside. Ku bw’ivyo, gucunga neza imyanda no kuyikingira ni ngirakamaro cane kugira ngo aside adipique ntiyigere isohoka mu bidukikije ataco igenzura. Inganda zikora canke zikoresha aside adipique zisabwa kwubahiriza amategeko akomeye agenga ibidukikije kugira ngo zigabanye ingaruka zigira ku butaka, ku mazi no ku buzima bw’ikirere.

Ibisobanuro

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