Tetrahydrofuran (THF): Umugongo w'Imigenderanire y'Imibano
Isesengura ry'imbere ry'imiterere y'umubiri
Ubwubatsi bwihariye bw'amamolekule
Ubuhinga bwa THF bugizwe n’uruziga rwa ether rufise atome y’umwuka, bikaba bituma habaho ibi bintu nyamukuru bikurikira:
Polar Solvency: Igihe c’ibice bibiri c’ibice 2,75 D gishobora gutuma ihydrogène ifatanya n’ibice vy’ibice bibiri mu gihe ishobora gutorera umuti ibihimba bitagira ibice bibiri biciye mu gukorana kw’ibice bibiri, bikaba bituma ari vyiza ku buryo butandukanye bwo gusubiza.
Ivyiyumviro vy’Impeta: Impeta y’etere igira ugufunguka kw’impeta guterwa n’aside, bigatuma habaho inyishu nk’iy’uguhinduka kw’impeta n’uguhinduka kw’impeta. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri ni ngirakamaro cane mu guhingura ibintu bifise ubushobozi bwo gukora nk’ivyo bita polytétraméthylène éther glycol (PTMEG).
Ibirango vy'umubiri
Ugushikama kw’ubushuhe: Iyo itetse ku bushuhe bwa 66°C kandi ikakonja ku bushuhe bwa -108,5°C, THF iguma ari amazi mu bice vy’ubushuhe vyinshi, ibereye gukoreshwa mu bikorwa vy’ubushuhe buke no mu bikorwa vy’uguhinduka umwuka vyihuta.
Ivyiza vyo gutwara: Uburemere buke (0,55 mPa·s) n’uburemere bwinshi bwo ku ruhande (26,4 mN/m) bituma igira ubushobozi bwo gutonyanga, bikaba ari ngirakamaro mu gusukura no gupfuka.
Iciyumviro co gukingira: Ishobora kwaka cane (flash point -17.2°C) kandi ikaba ishobora guturika n’ikirere (1.8–12.4% vol), bisaba ingingo zikomeye zo kwirinda umuriro.
Ibikorwa nyamukuru mu nganda zose
Uguhingura amapolymere n'amaresini
Igikoresho ca poliuretani (PU):
Uguhingura PTMEG: THF ni co gikoresho nyamukuru co gukora glycol y’ibara ry’agahama (PTMEG), igice nyamukuru c’ibara ry’agahama mu nsinga z’ibara ry’agahama n’ivy’ibara ry’agahama (TPUs). Ivyiyumviro birenga 90% vy’ama THF yo kw’isi yose bikoreshwa muri uwo muce, aho toni yose y’ivyuma vy’i spandex isaba ~0.8 toni y’ivyuma vy’i THF.
Ivyuma bifatanya PU: Bivanze na DMF, THF irema ivyuma vyuma ningoga, bikomeye cane ku nkweto no mu modoka, bitanga 35% vy’ibintu bikomeye birimwo n’40% vyuma vyuma ningoga kuruta ubuhinga bwa DMF butagira agasembwa.
Epoxy n'ivyuma vy'ivyuma:
Nk’ikintu gifasha mu guhingura epoxy, THF iratuma habaho uguvanga kandi igabanura uburemere, bikaba bishoboza gukoresha neza ivy’ugupfuka mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none no mu vy’indege.
Ubuhinga bw'ibinyabuzima n'ubuhinga bwihariye
Inyishu za Grignard:
THF igumya ivyuma biri hagati (nk’akarorero, RMgX) biciye mu gukorana n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, bigatuma ivyimburwa vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Akarorero: Mu gukora ibuprofen, intambwe za Grignard zishingiye kuri THF zishika ku ≥99.5% y’ubusuku n’ibiva ku ≤0.3%.
Ivyuma vy'umuyagankuba vya bateri ya litiyumu:
THF yongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro bw’ibinyabuzima bishingiye kuri litiyumu hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) (≥10 mS/cm), igatuma ubuzima bw’ingendo bugenda neza incuro zirenga 1.000 (ubushobozi bwo kugumya ≥85%) mu mabateri y’ivyuma vya litiyumu.
Ivy'ubuhinga buhanitse n'ivy'umwihariko
Isuku ry’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none: THF ikuraho ibisigazwa vy’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none mu guhingura ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, igatuma habaho uguhumana kw’ivyuma ≤10 ppb ku bikorwa biri munsi ya 14 nm.
Igikoresho co guhindura imiti: Ikoreshwa mu gusubira guhindura imiti igabanya ubukana bw’indwara n’imiti igabanya ubukana bw’indwara, ubuhinga bwa THF-water butanga amakirisitayo amwe (50–200 μm) afise ubusuku ≥99.9%.
Gukura ibintu biva mu kamere: Bitoranya gusenyura ibintu bifise amavuta (nk’akarorero, CBD, paclitaxel) bifise ubusuku burengeye 25% kuruta ibintu bitagira amavuta, mu gihe bigabanya ugusenyuka kw’ubushuhe biciye mu gukoresha ubushuhe buke.
Ibisobanuro
| Izina ry'igicuruzwa | Asidi ya poropiyonike | |||||||||
| Formule y'imiti | C3H6O2 | |||||||||
| Uburemere bw'amamolekule | 74,08 g/moli | |||||||||
| Isura | Ubuzima bubonerana butagira ibara | |||||||||
| Ikibanza co gushongera | -20.8°C | |||||||||
| Intumbero yo guteka | 141.1°C | |||||||||
| Ubunini | 0,993 g/santimetero | |||||||||
| CAS OYA | 79 - 09 - 4 | |||||||||
| Kode ya HS | 29155000 | |||||||||
| EINECS OYA | 201 - 176 - 3 | |||||||||
| Gusaba | Ikoreshwa mu mapulasitike, mu miti, mu vyo kurya, mu bikoresho vyo gusukura no mu mibavu | |||||||||
Urupapuro rwo kugenzura uburyo
| Izina ry'igicuruzwa | Asidi ya poropiyonike | ||||||
| UMUTWE | AGACIRO KAGEZWE (%) | AGACIRO K'IKIGERAGEZO (%) | |||||
| Ibirimwo aside ya propiyonike, w/%≥ | 99.5 | 99.9 | |||||
| Uburemere (20/20°C) | 0,993-0,997 | 0.996 | |||||
| Ububiko bwo guteka/°C | 138,5-142,5 | 139,4-141,1 | |||||
| Ibisigarira vy'umwuka,w/%≤ | 0.01 | 0.006 | |||||
| Amazi,w/%≤ | 0.15 | 0.02 | |||||
| Aldehide,w/%≤ | ≤0.05 | 0.04 | |||||
| guhindura umwuka w'ikirere vyoroshe,w/%≤ | ≤0.05 | 0.01 | |||||
| Pb mg/ikiro≤ | 2.0 | ≤2.0 | |||||
| Nk'uko mg/ikiro≤ | 3.0 | ≤3.0 | |||||
| Iciyumviro | Kubahiriza ingingo ngenderwako zo muri GB 1886.210-2016 | ||||||
Ivyiyumviro vyerekeye umutekano n'uguhindura inganda
Ivyago vy'ubuzima n'ibidukikije
Ubumara: Guhumeka ibintu vyinshi (>500 ppm) bishobora gutuma CNS ihungabana; gukoreshwa igihe kirekire bishobora gutuma igitigu/amafyigo bikora neza. Bisaba gukingira impwemu (APF≥10) n’amaganzu adashobora guterwa n’imiti.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije: Ishobora gusenyuka mw’ivu (igice c’ubuzima ≤imisi 5) ariko ikaba ari ubumara ku binyabuzima vyo mu mazi (LC50 fish=110 mg/L). Amazi mabi ategerezwa gusukurwa neza (COD≤50 mg/L) imbere y’uko asohoka.
Inyishu z'amategeko n'ubuhinga
Amanota y'ubusuku:
Inganda (≥99%): Ku bijanye n’ugukora rusangi, kwemera ≤0.5% amazi/aldehydes.
Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none (≥99,9%): Ivyuma ≤1 ppb, bihuye n’amategeko ya SEMI C8 ku bijanye n’ugukoresha ivyuma bifata umuriro.
Ivy’imiti (≥99,5%): vyemewe na FDA, aldehydes ≤10 ppm mu guhingura imiti.
Ivyubahiriza kw'isi yose:
EU REACH: Ibujijwe mu bikoresho bikorana n’ibifungurwa (ukwimuka ≤0.05 mg/kg).
OSHA yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: PEL-TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m3), bisaba ko umuntu akurikirana umuyaga wo ku kazi.
Ni kuki twohitamwo THF yacu?
Ubusuku butagira aho bugarukira: Ivyuma biteye imbere vy’ugusesa amazi gatatu bitanga THF y’urugero rw’ubuhinga bwa none ku busuku bwa 99,99%, ifise ubukonje ≤10 ppm n’amazi y’amazi ≤1 ppm, bikaba bituma habaho uguhuza kw’ibice ku bindi (uguhinduka ≤±0,02%).
Inyishu zisanzwe: Ivyo bikoresho bihuye n’amazi (50–1000 ppm), urugero rwa peroxide (≤10 ppm), n’urugero rwa pH (5.0–7.0), nk’ivyo bita THF bifise peroxyde ntoyi kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu gukora imiti ishobora gukora neza.
Ivy'Itunganywa Bishingiye ku Mutekano: Ububiko bw’ibintu bufise azote be n’uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu bishobora guturika bituma umuntu ashobora kubikoresha neza kuva akora gushika ashikirijwe.
Ubuhinga bwo gutegeka: Ivyubahiriza kw’isi yose ingingo ngenderwako za SEMI, ACS, na FDA, zishigikiwe na MSDS zishobora guhindurwa kugira ngo umuntu yinjire mw’isoko ata nkomanzi.
Gukorana n'abandi mu bijanye n'ubuhinga bwiza
Uburinganire bwihariye bwa THF bw’ubushobozi bwo gutorera umuti, ubushobozi bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo, n’ubushobozi bwo guhindura ingendo, burayigira nk’ibuye ry’imfuruka mu buhinga bwa shimi bwo muri iki gihe. Ukwiyemeza kwacu ku bikoresho vy’ubusuku bwinshi, ubuhinga bushasha, no kwubahiriza amategeko bituma abakiriya bo mu vy’amapulasitike, ivy’ubuhinga bwa none, n’ivy’imiti bashobora gutuma habaho iterambere rishasha mu buryo bubereye. Hitamwo THF yacu kugira ngo ufungure ukuri, ubushobozi, n’ubuzima buramba mu gukoresha kwose.